Saturday, November 7, 2015

利用arch配置一个pxe server,网络安装各种版本linux系统,各种版本windows系统!

想了半天也没有找到合适的板块发这个,最后还是发这里把!

最近折腾了两个小主机,华硕EeeBox B202,atom n270的u,1g的内存,80g的硬盘,机器挺小巧,就是单核u,功能实在鸡肋,索性一个做了个播放机,这个就做了一个pxe server!

利用wol的功能,网络装系统,至于pxe的原理,如下:


以下是摘自syslinux官网关于pxelinux的介绍,懒得翻译了,大家自己看,应该不难理解.
The basic configuration is the same for all Syslinux variants. This document explains only some of the differences specifically applicable to PXELINUX.
On the TFTP server, create the directory "/tftpboot", and copy "pxelinux.0" (from the Syslinux distribution) and any kernel or initrd images that you want to boot.
[5.00+] Also copy "ldlinux.c32" from the Syslinux distribution to the "/tftpboot" directory on the TFTP server.
Finally, create the directory "/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg". The configuration file (equivalent of syslinux.cfg -- see the SYSLINUX FAQ for the options here) will live in this

directory.
Because more than one system may be booted from the same server, the configuration file name depends on the IP address of the booting machine.
Before a generic explanation, let's see first an example. When:
the bootloader file name is "/mybootdir/pxelinux.0"; and,
the client UUID is "b8945908-d6a6-41a9-611d-74a6ab80b83d"; and,
the Ethernet MAC address is "88:99:AA:BB:CC:DD"; and,
the IP address is "192.168.2.91", or in uppercase hexadecimal, "C0A8025B";
then PXELINUX will try the following configuration files (in this order):
/mybootdir/pxelinux.cfg/b8945908-d6a6-41a9-611d-74a6ab80b83d
/mybootdir/pxelinux.cfg/01-88-99-aa-bb-cc-dd
/mybootdir/pxelinux.cfg/C0A8025B
/mybootdir/pxelinux.cfg/C0A8025
/mybootdir/pxelinux.cfg/C0A802
/mybootdir/pxelinux.cfg/C0A80
/mybootdir/pxelinux.cfg/C0A8
/mybootdir/pxelinux.cfg/C0A
/mybootdir/pxelinux.cfg/C0
/mybootdir/pxelinux.cfg/C
/mybootdir/pxelinux.cfg/default
Let's see now what exactly the above example represents.
After attempting the file as specified in the DHCP or hardcoded options, PXELINUX will probe the following paths, prefixed with "pxelinux.cfg/", under the initial Working

Directory.
The client UUID, if provided by the PXE stack.
Note that some BIOSes do not have a valid UUID, and it might end up reporting something like all 1's.
This value is represented in the standard UUID format using lowercase hexadecimal digits, e.g. "b8945908-d6a6-41a9-611d-74a6ab80b83d".
The hardware type (using its ARP type code) and address, all in lowercase hexadecimal with dash separators.
For example, for an Ethernet (ARP type "1") with address "88:99:AA:BB:CC:DD", it would search for the filename "01-88-99-aa-bb-cc-dd".
The client's own IPv4 address in uppercase hexadecimal, followed by removing hex characters, one at a time, from the end. For example, "192.168.2.91" → "C0A8025B".
The included program, "gethostip", can be used to compute the hexadecimal IP address for any host.
Lowercase "default".


1:首先,需要的工具包有 dnsmasq,samba, nfs-utils,openssh,syslinux

dnsmasq   =    充当dhcp和tftpserver
samba      =    安装windows使用,另外也为了方便windows机器管理
nfs-utils    =    加载linux镜像用
openssh    =    管理用,ssh登录很方便,毕竟这台机器是个小的服务器吧
syslinux     =   启动pxelinux以及各种启动程序

arch下很简单,一条命令

pacman -S dnsmasq samba nfs-utils openssh syslinux

2:然后就是配置dhcp和tftp server,以及nfs 和 ssh server了


直接贴配置文件比较省事
dnsmasq为了配置方便,我在/etc/dnsmasq.d/重建了一个pxe.conf的配置文件,配置如下

记住要把/etc/dnsmasq.conf里面下面这句话取消注释


# Include another lot of configuration options.
#conf-file=/etc/dnsmasq.more.conf
conf-dir=/etc/dnsmasq.d


#     function as a tftp server 启动tftpserver
enable-tftp
#     root directory for files available via ftp. ftp的root环境
tftp-root=/tftpboot
#     the boot filename
#pxe-service=X86PC,"PXE Boot Menu",pxelinux 启动文件
dhcp-boot=/tftpboot/pxelinux.0
#     kill multicast
#dhcp-option=vendor:PXEClient,6,2b
#     disable reuse of the dhcp servername and filename fields as extra.
#     option space. to avoid confusing some old or broken dhcp clients.
dhcp-no-override
#     This range(s) is for the public interface, where dnsmasq functions
#     as a proxy DHCP server providing boot information but no IP leases.
#     Any ip in the subnet will do, so you may just put your server NIC ip here.
#     I used my router ip address
#dhcp-range=192.168.2.1,proxy,255.255.255.0

#dhcp-range=192.168.2.100,proxy
# do not give IPs that are in pool of DSL routers DHCP 我避开了家里路由器的dhcp缺省池
dhcp-range=192.168.2.151,192.168.2.200,12h
#     router/gateway ip address
dhcp-option=3,192.168.2.1
#     dns server ip address
dhcp-option=6,192.168.2.1
#     enable logging
log-dhcp
log-queries


samba的配置文件smb.conf
在windows下直接在文件浏览器中打入\\192.168.2.19,就可以打开tftpboot文件夹,直接管理里面的文件


# This is the main Samba configuration file. You should read the
# smb.conf(5) manual page in order to understand the options listed
# here. Samba has a huge number of configurable options (perhaps too
# many!) most of which are not shown in this example
#
# Any line which starts with a ; (semi-colon) or a # (hash)
# is a comment and is ignored. In this example we will use a #
# for commentry and a ; for parts of the config file that you
# may wish to enable
#
# NOTE: Whenever you modify this file you should run the command "testparm"
# to check that you have not made any basic syntactic errors.
#
#======================= Global Settings =====================================
[global]

# workgroup = NT-Domain-Name or Workgroup-Name
   workgroup = Workgroup

# server string is the equivalent of the NT Description field
   server string = Samba Server

# This option is important for security. It allows you to restrict
# connections to machines which are on your local network. The
# following example restricts access to two C class networks and
# the "loopback" interface. For more examples of the syntax see
# the smb.conf man page
;   hosts allow = 192.168.1. 192.168.2. 127.

# if you want to automatically load your printer list rather
# than setting them up individually then you'll need this
   printcap name = /etc/printcap
   load printers = yes

# It should not be necessary to spell out the print system type unless
# yours is non-standard. Currently supported print systems include:
# bsd, sysv, plp, lprng, aix, hpux, qnx
;   printing = bsd

# Uncomment this if you want a guest account, you must add this to /etc/passwd
# otherwise the user "nobody" is used
;  guest account = pcguest

# this tells Samba to use a separate log file for each machine
# that connects
   log file = /var/log/samba/%m.log

# Put a capping on the size of the log files (in Kb).
   max log size = 50

# Security mode. Most people will want user level security. See
# security_level.txt for details.
   security = user
#   security = share
# Use password server option only with security = server
;   password server =

# Password Level allows matching of _n_ characters of the password for
# all combinations of upper and lower case.
;  username level = 8

# You may wish to use password encryption. Please read
# ENCRYPTION.txt, Win95.txt and WinNT.txt in the Samba documentation.
# Do not enable this option unless you have read those documents
;  encrypt passwords = yes
;  smb passwd file = /etc/samba/smbpasswd

# The following are needed to allow password changing from Windows to
# update the Linux sytsem password also.
# NOTE: Use these with 'encrypt passwords' and 'smb passwd file' above.
# NOTE2: You do NOT need these to allow workstations to change only
#        the encrypted SMB passwords. They allow the Unix password
#        to be kept in sync with the SMB password.
;  unix password sync = Yes
;  passwd program = /usr/bin/passwd %u
;  passwd chat = *New*UNIX*password* %n\n *ReType*new*UNIX*password* %n\n *passwd:*all*authentication*tokens*updated*successfully*

# Unix users can map to different SMB User names
;  username map = /etc/samba/smbusers
# 开启 windows guest登录
   map to guest = Bad User

# Using the following line enables you to customise your configuration
# on a per machine basis. The %m gets replaced with the netbios name
# of the machine that is connecting
;   include = /etc/samba/smb.conf.%m

# Configure Samba to use multiple interfaces
# If you have multiple network interfaces then you must list them
# here. See the man page for details.
;   interfaces = 192.168.12.2/24 192.168.13.2/24

# Configure remote browse list synchronisation here
#  request announcement to, or browse list sync from:
# a specific host or from / to a whole subnet (see below)
;   remote browse sync = 192.168.3.25 192.168.5.255
# Cause this host to announce itself to local subnets here
;   remote announce = 192.168.1.255 192.168.2.44

# Browser Control Options:
# set local master to no if you don't want Samba to become a master
# browser on your network. Otherwise the normal election rules apply
;   local master = no

# OS Level determines the precedence of this server in master browser
# elections. The default value should be reasonable
;   os level = 33

# Domain Master specifies Samba to be the Domain Master Browser. This
# allows Samba to collate browse lists between subnets. Don't use this
# if you already have a Windows NT domain controller doing this job
;   domain master = yes
    domain master = auto

# Preferred Master causes Samba to force a local browser election on startup
# and gives it a slightly higher chance of winning the election
;   preferred master = yes

# Use only if you have an NT server on your network that has been
# configured at install time to be a primary domain controller.
;   domain controller =

# Enable this if you want Samba to be a domain logon server for
# Windows95 workstations.
;   domain logons = yes

# if you enable domain logons then you may want a per-machine or
# per user logon script
# run a specific logon batch file per workstation (machine)
;   logon script = %m.bat
# run a specific logon batch file per username
;   logon script = %U.bat

# Where to store roving profiles (only for Win95 and WinNT)
#        %L substitutes for this servers netbios name, %U is username
#        You must uncomment the [Profiles] share below
;   logon path = \\%L\Profiles\%U

# All NetBIOS names must be resolved to IP Addresses
# 'Name Resolve Order' allows the named resolution mechanism to be specified
# the default order is "host lmhosts wins bcast". "host" means use the unix
# system gethostbyname() function call that will use either /etc/hosts OR
# DNS or NIS depending on the settings of /etc/host.config, /etc/nsswitch.conf
# and the /etc/resolv.conf file. "host" therefore is system configuration
# dependant. This parameter is most often of use to prevent DNS lookups
# in order to resolve NetBIOS names to IP Addresses. Use with care!
# The example below excludes use of name resolution for machines that are NOT
# on the local network segment
# - OR - are not deliberately to be known via lmhosts or via WINS.
; name resolve order = wins lmhosts bcast

# Windows Internet Name Serving Support Section:
# WINS Support - Tells the NMBD component of Samba to enable it's WINS Server
;   wins support = yes

# WINS Server - Tells the NMBD components of Samba to be a WINS Client
# Note: Samba can be either a WINS Server, or a WINS Client, but NOT both
;   wins server = w.x.y.z

# WINS Proxy - Tells Samba to answer name resolution queries on
# behalf of a non WINS capable client, for this to work there must be
# at least one WINS Server on the network. The default is NO.
;   wins proxy = yes

# DNS Proxy - tells Samba whether or not to try to resolve NetBIOS names
# via DNS nslookups. The built-in default for versions 1.9.17 is yes,
# this has been changed in version 1.9.18 to no.
   dns proxy = no

# Case Preservation can be handy - system default is _no_
# NOTE: These can be set on a per share basis
;  preserve case = no
;  short preserve case = no
# Default case is normally upper case for all DOS files
;  default case = lower
# Be very careful with case sensitivity - it can break things!
;  case sensitive = no

#============================ Share Definitions ==============================
[homes]
   comment = Home Directories
   browseable = no
   writable = yes

# Un-comment the following and create the netlogon directory for Domain Logons
; [netlogon]
;   comment = Network Logon Service
;   path = /home/netlogon
;   guest ok = yes
;   writable = no
;   share modes = no


# Un-comment the following to provide a specific roving profile share
# the default is to use the user's home directory
;[Profiles]
;    path = /home/profiles
;    browseable = no
;    guest ok = yes


# NOTE: If you have a BSD-style print system there is no need to
# specifically define each individual printer
[printers]
   comment = All Printers
   path = /var/spool/samba
   browseable = no
# Set public = yes to allow user 'guest account' to print
   guest ok = no
   writable = no
   printable = yes

# This one is useful for people to share files
;[tmp]
;   comment = Temporary file space
;   path = /tmp
;   read only = no
;   public = yes

# A publicly accessible directory, but read only, except for people in
# the "staff" group
;[public]
;   comment = Public Stuff
;   path = /home/samba
;   public = yes
;   read only = yes
;   write list = @staff

# Other examples.
#
# A private printer, usable only by fred. Spool data will be placed in fred's
# home directory. Note that fred must have write access to the spool directory,
# wherever it is.
;[fredsprn]
;   comment = Fred's Printer
;   valid users = fred
;   path = /homes/fred
;   printer = freds_printer
;   public = no
;   writable = no
;   printable = yes

# A private directory, usable only by fred. Note that fred requires write
# access to the directory.
;[fredsdir]
;   comment = Fred's Service
;   path = /usr/somewhere/private
;   valid users = fred
;   public = no
;   writable = yes
;   printable = no

# a service which has a different directory for each machine that connects
# this allows you to tailor configurations to incoming machines. You could
# also use the %u option to tailor it by user name.
# The %m gets replaced with the machine name that is connecting.
;[pchome]
;  comment = PC Directories
;  path = /usr/pc/%m
;  public = no
;  writable = yes

# A publicly accessible directory, read/write to all users. Note that all files
# created in the directory by users will be owned by the default user, so
# any user with access can delete any other user's files. Obviously this
# directory must be writable by the default user. Another user could of course
# be specified, in which case all files would be owned by that user instead.
;[public]
;   path = /usr/somewhere/else/public
;   public = yes
;   only guest = yes
;   writable = yes
;   printable = no

# The following two entries demonstrate how to share a directory so that two
# users can place files there that will be owned by the specific users. In this
# setup, the directory should be writable by both users and should have the
# sticky bit set on it to prevent abuse. Obviously this could be extended to
# as many users as required.
;[myshare]
;   comment = Mary's and Fred's stuff
;   path = /usr/somewhere/shared
;   valid users = mary fred
;   public = no
;   writable = yes
;   printable = no
;   create mask = 0765

[tftpboot]
    comment = TFTP + PXE
    path = /tftpboot/
    public = yes
    only guest = yes
    browseable = yes
    read only = no
    writable = yes
    create mask = 0644
    directory mask = 0755
#    force create mask = 0644
#    force directory mask = 0755
    force user = root
    force group = root





nfs的配置文件 exports


# /etc/exports - exports(5) - directories exported to NFS clients
#
# Example for NFSv2 and NFSv3:
#  /srv/home        hostname1(rw,sync) hostname2(ro,sync)
# Example for NFSv4:
#  /srv/nfs4    hostname1(rw,sync,fsid=0)
#  /srv/nfs4/home   hostname1(rw,sync,nohide)
# Using Kerberos and integrity checking:
#  /srv/nfs4        *(rw,sync,sec=krb5i,fsid=0)
#  /srv/nfs4/home   *(rw,sync,sec=krb5i,nohide)
#
# Use `exportfs -arv` to reload.
#/tftpboot/images/ARCH_201510/ 192.168.2.0/24(ro,no_subtree_check)
/tftpboot/images/ARCH_201510/  *(ro,no_subtree_check,async,no_root_squash)
/tftpboot/images/kali2/         *(ro,no_subtree_check,async,no_root_squash)


3:接着配置tftpboot主目录

makdir /tftpboot/{images,iso,syslinux,pxelinux.cfg}

其中images文件夹是挂载的linux安装镜像和windows安装镜像

iso文件夹里是我各种安装iso文件的收集地点

syslinux文件夹里是syslinux各种模块的收藏地点

pxelinux.cfg目录里存放着pxelinux的启动配置文件,也就是目录文件

然后把各种pxelinux启动相关的文件,拷贝入tftpboot目录,和syslinux目录


cp /usr/lib/syslinux/bios/pxelinux.0  /tftpboot/
cp   /usr/lib/syslinux/bios/{chain.c32,hdt.c32,ldlinux.c32,libcom32.c32,libgpl.c32,libmenu.c32,libutil.c32,poweroff.c32,reboot.c32,vesamenu.c32} /tftpboot/syslinux/

其中
pxelinux.0是启动文件,hdt是用来显示机器的各种配置的,chain.c32是用来启动本地硬盘的,lib文件都是各种库,poweroff和reboot大家都懂的.

最后就是/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default配置文件的内容了,这个内容是根据我的机器挂载的镜像修改的



UI syslinux/vesamenu.c32
TIMEOUT 600
ONTIMEOUT Boot Local
PROMPT 0
NOESCAPE 1
ALLOWOPTIONS 1

menu hshift 5
menu width 59

menu title pxe boot menu

menu color title        * #ffffffff *
menu color border       * #00000000 #00000000 none
menu color sel          * #ffffffff #76a1d0ff *
menu color hotsel       1;7;37;40 #ffffffff #76a1d0ff *
menu color tabmsg       * #ffffffff #00000000 *
menu color help         37;40 #ffdddd00 #00000000 none
menu vshift 2
menu rows 20
menu helpmsgrow 25
# the command line must be at least one line from the bottom.
menu cmdlinerow 26
menu timeoutrow 26
menu tabmsgrow 28
menu tabmsg press enter to boot or tab to edit a menu entry


label boot local
    COM32 syslinux\chain.c32
    APPEND hd0
    text help
        boot to local hard disk
    endtext

label winpe3 32 (cn)
    kernel syslinux/memdisk
    append iso raw
    initrd iso/winpe_x86.iso
    text help
        boot to windows pe 3 32bit iso (~184mb)
    endtext

label winpe3 64 (cn)
    MENU LABEL Autoinstall win10-amd64
    kernel syslinux/memdisk
    append iso raw
    initrd iso/winpe_amd64.iso
    text help
        boot to windows pe 3 64bit iso (~207mb)
        autoinstall win10 64
    endtext

LABEL Arch32_(NFS)
    TEXT HELP
        Boot the Arch Linux (i686) live medium (Using NFS).
    It allows you to install Arch Linux or perform system maintenance.
    ENDTEXT
    MENU LABEL Install Arch Linux (i686) (NFS)
    LINUX images/ARCH_201510/arch/boot/i686/vmlinuz
    INITRD images/ARCH_201510/arch/boot/intel_ucode.img,images/ARCH_201510/arch/boot/i686/archiso.img
    APPEND archisobasedir=arch archiso_nfs_srv=192.168.2.19:/tftpboot/images/ARCH_201510 ip=:::::eth0:dhcp

LABEL Arch64 (NFS)
    TEXT HELP
        Boot the Arch Linux (x86_64) live medium (Using NFS).
    It allows you to install Arch Linux or perform system maintenance.
    ENDTEXT
    MENU LABEL Install Arch Linux (x86_64) (NFS)
    LINUX images/ARCH_201510/arch/boot/x86_64/vmlinuz
    INITRD images/ARCH_201510/arch/boot/intel_ucode.img,images/ARCH_201510/arch/boot/x86_64/archiso.img
    APPEND archisobasedir=arch archiso_nfs_srv=192.168.2.19:/tftpboot/images/ARCH_201510 ip=:::::eth0:dhcp

LABEL kali2 live(amd64)
    TEXT HELP
        Boot to Kali 2.0 (sana) amd64 Live
    ENDTEXT
    MENU LABEL Kali 2.0 Live(amd64)
    KERNEL images/kali2/live/vmlinuz
    INITRD images/kali2/live/initrd.img
    APPEND netboot=nfs nfsroot=192.168.2.19:/tftpboot/images/kali2 boot=live username=root hostname=kali

# http://www.memtest.org/
LABEL memtest
MENU LABEL Run Memtest86+ (RAM test)
LINUX memtest

# http://hdt-project.org/
LABEL hdt
MENU LABEL Hardware Information (HDT)
COM32 syslinux/hdt.c32
APPEND modules_alias=syslinux/hdt/modalias.gz pciids=syslinux/hdt/pciids.gz

LABEL reboot
MENU LABEL Reboot
COM32 syslinux/reboot.c32

LABEL poweroff
MENU LABEL Power Off
COM32 syslinux/poweroff.c32


期间还自己学会了自制winpe,我做了2个版本的winpe,一个32位,一个64位.


最后,只要把要安装的机器修改为网卡启动,就可以进入我配置的pxe server了

如下图


Sunday, November 13, 2011

让你提升命令行效率的 Bash 快捷键 [完整版]

让你提升命令行效率的 Bash 快捷键 [完整版]:



生活在 Bash shell
中,熟记以下快捷键,将极大的提高你的命令行操作效率。



编辑命令




  • Ctrl + a :移到命令行首

  • Ctrl + e :移到命令行尾

  • Ctrl + f :按字符前移(右向)

  • Ctrl + b :按字符后移(左向)

  • Alt + f :按单词前移(右向)

  • Alt + b :按单词后移(左向)

  • Ctrl + xx:在命令行首和光标之间移动

  • Ctrl + u :从光标处删除至命令行首

  • Ctrl + k :从光标处删除至命令行尾

  • Ctrl + w :从光标处删除至字首

  • Alt + d :从光标处删除至字尾

  • Ctrl + d :删除光标处的字符

  • Ctrl + h :删除光标前的字符

  • Ctrl + y :粘贴至光标后

  • Alt + c :从光标处更改为首字母大写的单词

  • Alt + u :从光标处更改为全部大写的单词

  • Alt + l :从光标处更改为全部小写的单词

  • Ctrl + t :交换光标处和之前的字符

  • Alt + t :交换光标处和之前的单词

  • Alt + Backspace:与 Ctrl + w 相同



重新执行命令




  • Ctrl + r:逆向搜索命令历史

  • Ctrl + g:从历史搜索模式退出

  • Ctrl + p:历史中的上一条命令

  • Ctrl + n:历史中的下一条命令

  • Alt + .:使用上一条命令的最后一个参数



控制命令




  • Ctrl + l:清屏

  • Ctrl + o:执行当前命令,并选择上一条命令

  • Ctrl + s:阻止屏幕输出

  • Ctrl + q:允许屏幕输出

  • Ctrl + c:终止命令

  • Ctrl + z:挂起命令



Bang (!) 命令




  • !!:执行上一条命令

  • !blah:执行最近的以 blah 开头的命令,如 !ls

  • !blah:p:仅打印输出,而不执行

  • !$:上一条命令的最后一个参数,与 Alt + . 相同

  • !$:p:打印输出 !$ 的内容

  • !*:上一条命令的所有参数

  • !*:p:打印输出 !* 的内容

  • ^blah:删除上一条命令中的 blah

  • ^blah^foo:将上一条命令中的 blah 替换为 foo

  • ^blah^foo^:将上一条命令中所有的 blah 都替换为 foo



友情提示




  1. 以上介绍的大多数 Bash 快捷键仅当在 emacs 编辑模式时有效,若你将 Bash
    配置为 vi 编辑模式,那将遵循 vi 的按键绑定。Bash 默认为 emacs
    编辑模式。如果你的 Bash 不在 emacs 编辑模式,可通过 set -o emacs 设置。

  2. ^S、^Q、^C、^Z 是由终端设备处理的,可用 stty 命令设置。

Monday, November 7, 2011

linux中查看系统资源占用情况的命令

top:
主要参数
d:指定更新的间隔,以秒计算。
q:没有任何延迟的更新。如果使用者有超级用户,则top命令将会以最高的优先序执行。
c:显示进程完整的路径与名称。
S:累积模式,会将己完成或消失的子行程的CPU时间累积起来。
s:安全模式。
i:不显示任何闲置(Idle)或无用(Zombie)的行程。
n:显示更新的次数,完成后将会退出to
显示参数:
PID(Process ID):进程标示号。
USER:进程所有者的用户名。
PR:进程的优先级别。
NI:进程的优先级别数值。
VIRT:进程占用的虚拟内存值。
RES:进程占用的物理内存值。
SHR:进程使用的共享内存值。
S:进程的状态,其中S表示休眠,R表示正在运行,Z表示僵死状态,N表示该进程优先值是负数。
%CPU:该进程占用的CPU使用率。
%MEM:该进程占用的物理内存和总内存的百分比。
TIME+:该进程启动后占用的总的CPU时间。
Command:进程启动的启动命令名称,如果这一行显示不下,进程会有一个完整的命令行。
top命令使用过程中,还可以使用一些交互的命令来完成其它参数的功能。这些命令是通过快捷键启动的。
<空格>:立刻刷新。
P:根据CPU使用大小进行排序。
T:根据时间、累计时间排序。
q:退出top命令。
m:切换显示内存信息。
t:切换显示进程和CPU状态信息。
c:切换显示命令名称和完整命令行。
M:根据使用内存大小进行排序。
W:将当前设置写入~/.toprc文件中。这是写top配置文件的推荐方法。

free
1.作用
free命令用来显示内存的使用情况,使用权限是所有用户。

2.格式
free [-b-k-m] [-o] [-s delay] [-t] [-V]

3.主要参数
-b -k -m:分别以字节(KB、MB)为单位显示内存使用情况。
-s delay:显示每隔多少秒数来显示一次内存使用情况。
-t:显示内存总和列。
-o:不显示缓冲区调节列。

uptime
18:59:15 up 25 min,  2 users,  load average: 1.23, 1.32, 1.21
现在的时间
系统开机运转到现在经过的时间
连线的使用者数量
最近一分钟,五分钟和十五分钟的系统负载
参数: -V 显示版本资讯。

vmstat
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- ----cpu----
r  b   swpd free   buff   cache    si   so    bi     bo    in    cs   us  sy  id wa
0  1  24980 10792 8296  47316    5   19   205    52  1161   698  26  3  1  70
1 观察磁盘活动情况
磁盘活动情况主要从以下几个指标了解:
bi:表示从磁盘每秒读取的块数(blocks/s)。数字越大,表示读磁盘的活动越多。
bo:表示每秒写到磁盘的块数(blocks/s)。数字越大,表示写磁盘的活动越多。
wa:cpu等待磁盘I/O(未决的磁盘IO)的时间比例。数字越大,表示文件系统活动阻碍cpu的情况越严重,因为cpu在等待慢速的磁盘系统提供数据。wa为0是最理想的。如果wa经常大于10,可能文件系统就需要进行性能调整了。
2 观察cpu活动情况
vmstat比top更能反映出cpu的使用情况:
us:用户程序使用cpu的时间比例。这个数字越大,表示用户进程越繁忙。
sy: 系统调用使用cpu的时间比例。注意,NFS由于是在内核里面运行的,所以NFS活动所占用的cpu时间反映在sy里面。这个数字经常很大的话,就需要注 意是否某个内核进程,比如NFS任务比较繁重。如果us和sy同时都比较大的话,就需要考虑将某些用户程序分离到另外的服务器上面,以免互相影响。
id:cpu空闲的时间比例。
wa:cpu等待未决的磁盘IO的时间比例。

iostat
用于统计CPU的使用情况及tty设备、硬盘和CD-ROM的I/0量
参数:
    -c      只显示CPU行
    -d      显示磁盘行
    -k      以千字节为单位显示磁盘输出
    -t       在输出中包括时间戳
    -x      在输出中包括扩展的磁盘指标

avg-cpu:  %user   %nice    %sys %iowait   %idle
          20.25    0.18    2.61   76.39    0.57
%iowait 等待本地I/O时CPU空闲时间的百分比
%idle 未等待本地I/O时CPU空闲时间的百分比

Device:            tps   Blk_read/s   Blk_wrtn/s   Blk_read   Blk_wrtn
hda               9.86       284.34        84.48     685407     2036
每秒传输数(tps)、每秒512字节块读取数(Blk_read/s)、每秒512字节块写入数(Blk_wrtn/s)和512字节块读取(Blk_read)和写入(Blk_wrtn)的总数量。

一、如何查看服务器的CPU
今天安装了9台Linux服务器,型号完全不一样(有DELL、HP和IBM服务器),又懒得去对清单,如何在Linux下cpu的个数和核数呢? 另外,nginx的cpu工作模式也需要确切的知道linux服务器到底有多少个逻辑cpu,不过现在服务器那是相当的彪悍,直接上 worker_processes 8吧。
判断依据:
1.具有相同core id的cpu是同一个core的超线程。(Physical id and core id are not necessarily consecutive but they are unique. Any cpu with the same core id are hyperthreads in the same core.)
2.具有相同physical id的cpu是同一颗cpu封装的线程或者cores。(Any cpu with the same physical id are threads or cores in the same physical socket.)
以自己的惠普DL380G6为例说明:
①物理cpu个数:
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep "physical id" | sort | uniq | wc -l
②每个物理cpu中core的个数(即核数)
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep "cpu cores" | uniq
cpu cores : 4
这样可以推算出自己服务器的逻辑CPU为物理个数*核数,如果你的服务器是server2003,你可以在你的资源管理器里以图形化方式看到你的逻辑CPU个数。

二、查看服务器的内存情况
有时候,你运行了许多大的进程,比如你开启了300个fast-cgi。这时候你感觉系统很慢,便需要查看服务器的内存情况:
[root@server ~]# free -m
                     total used free shared buffers cached
Mem:            249   163    86            0        10         94
-/+ buffers/cache:   58  191
Swap:            511       0  511
参数解释:
total 内存总数
used 已经使用的内存数
free 空闲的内存数
shared 多个进程共享的内存总额
buffers Buffer Cache和cached Page Cache 磁盘缓存的大小
-buffers/cache (已用)的内存数:used - buffers - cached
+buffers/cache(可用)的内存数:free + buffers + cached
可用的memory=free memory+buffers+cached
上面的数值是一台我公司内网供PHP开发人员使用的DELL PE2850,内存为2G的服务器,其可使用内存为=217+515+826。记住,Linux的内存使用管理机制是有多少就用多少(特别是在频繁存取文件后),即Linux内存不是拿来看的,是拿来用的。


编辑推荐:Linux系统内存监控全面讲解:free命令

三、服务器磁盘使用情况
有时感觉硬盘反映很慢,或需要查看日志所在分区时,下列命令可以查看磁盘的使用情况,很有用:
①查看硬盘分区情况
fdisk -l
②查看当前硬盘使用情况
df -h
③查看硬盘性能
# iostat -x 1 10
Linux 2.6.18-92.el5xen                          03/01/2010

avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
                     1.10 0.00 4.82 39.54 0.07 54.46

Device:   rrqm/s wrqm/s       r/s       w/s     rsec/s wsec/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz await svctm %util

sda              0.00       3.50    0.40      2.50       5.60   48.00      18.48         0.00   0.97   0.97   0.28
sdb              0.00       0.00    0.00      0.00       0.00      0.00       0.00          0.00   0.00   0.00   0.00
sdc               0.00       0.00    0.00      0.00       0.00      0.00       0.00         0.00    0.00   0.00  0.00
sdd              0.00       0.00    0.00      0.00       0.00      0.00       0.00          0.00    0.00   0.00  0.00
sde              0.00       0.10    0.30      0.20       2.40      2.40       9.60          0.00    1.60   1.60  0.08
sdf             17.40       0.50 102.00    0.20 12095.20   5.60   118.40          0.70    6.81  2.09 21.36
sdg          232.40       1.90 379.70    0.50 76451.20 19.20   201.13          4.94 13.78   2.45 93.16
像我们公司,开发人员占多数。有时为了节约成本,会同时采购一些性价比比较高的二手服务器;这时一般将服务器的硬件的工作模式设置为RAID1,同 时对几种型号的服务器作相同文件的写操作,然后各自执行iostat –d,作对比性测试。这样服务器的硬盘性能孰优孰劣,一下子就能对比出来。


图解:
Tps 该设备每秒I/O传输的次数(每秒的I/O请求)
Blk_read/s 表求从该设备每秒读的数据块数量
Blk_wrth/s 表示从该设备每秒写的数据块数量
编辑推荐:Linux系统监控之磁盘I/O篇


四、查看系统内核
查看系统内核主要为了掌握其版本号,为安装LVS等软件做准备。
uname –a
有关查看内核信息的更多指令,可参考Linux查看版本信息及CPU内核、型号等一文。有关Linux的内核优化,则可参考Linux 2.6.31内核优化指南一文。

五、查看服务器使用的Linux发行版的名称、版本号及描述信息等
lsb_release -a
这是我的某台用于SVN实验的vmware机器情况:







六、查看服务器的平均负载
感觉到系统压力较大时用可top或uptime查看下服务器的平均负载。uptime的另一个用法是查看你的Linux服务器已经稳定运行多少天没有重启了,我这边的机器最高记录是360多天。

七、查看系统整体性能情况
如果感觉系统比较繁忙,可以用vmstat查看系统整体性能情况。vmstat不仅仅适应于linux系统,它一样适用于FreeBSD等unix系统。
vmstat 1 2
如果 r经常大于 4 ,且id经常少于40,表示cpu的负荷很重。
如果pi,po 长期不等于0,表示内存不足。
如果disk 经常不等于0, 且在 b中的队列 大于3, 表示 io性能不好。
编辑推荐:Linux系统监控工具之vmstat详解

八、查看系统已载入的相关模块
Linux操作系统的核心具有模块化的特性,应此在编译核心时,务须把全部的功能都放入核心。你可以将这些功能编译成一个个单独的模块,待需要时再分别载入。比如说在安装LVS+Keepalived,下列用法被经常用到:
#检查内核模块,看一下ip_vs是否被加载 lsmod |grep ip_vsip_vs 77313 0
如果要查看当前系统的已加载模块,直接lsmod。

九、Linux下查找PCI设置
有时需要在Linux下查找PCI设置,可用lspci命令,它可以列出机器中的PCI 设备,比如声卡、显卡、Modem、网卡等,主板集成设备也能列出来。lspci 读取的是hwdata 数据库。有的小伙可能和我一样,最关心的还是网卡型号:
[root@mail ~]# lspci | grep Ethernet
03:00.0 Ethernet controller: Broadcom Corporation NetXtreme II BCM5708 Gigabit Ethernet (rev 12)
07:00.0 Ethernet controller: Broadcom Corporation NetXtreme II BCM5708 Gigabit Ethernet (rev 12)

推荐阅读:七大实用命令行工具 玩转Linux网络配置。至于网络流量的监控,建议用centos自带的工具iptraf,其用法可参考这篇文章

掌握上面这九条,你对你的Linux服务器的硬件信息基本就可以随时掌控了。

freebsd 查看带宽占用情况,CPU,硬盘IO 虚拟内存等命令

systat 能实时查看各种信息
systat -pigs 默认值CPU
systat -iostat 硬盘IO
systat -swap 交换分区
systat -mbufs 网络缓冲区
systat -vmstat 虚拟内存
systat -netstat 网络
systat -icmp ICMP协议
systat -ip IP协议
systat -tcp TCP协议
systat -ifstat 网卡


显示PCI总线设备信息
pciconf -lv
显示内核加载的模块
kldstat -v
显示指定模块
kldstat -m ipfilter
即插即用设备
pnpinfo

显示设备占用的IRQ和内存地址
devinfo -u
cpu
sysctl -a|grep cpu
sysctl  -a|grep sched 查看使用的调度器,我编译的是ULE


虚拟内存
vmstat
硬盘
gstat
systat -iostat
iostat
网卡
ifconfig
systat -ifstat
网络
netstat
sockstat
tcpdump
trafshow
systat -mbufs
systat -icmp
systat -ip
systat -tcp
只是看流量的话,用systat  -netstat